Illumination Device with Elongated Optical Element with at Least One Cavity

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present technology relates to compact illumination devices and compact illumination devices with spatially controllable light emission, in particular compact illumination devices based on elongate optics.

BACKGROUND

The emission pattern of light from LED packages seldom if ever matches the distribution pattern required for lighting applications. This is particularly true for lighting applications that require well controlled distributions of light characterized by narrow beam angles or changes in intensity that vary significantly over small angles. The optics required for these types of light distributions have been both large and had complicated geometries. As such, configurations of illumination devices provide limited flexibility to adapt to different lighting applications and are typically anything but compact in size. Changing the spatial distribution of the light emission during operation of such illumination devices often requires arrangements of multiple optical components that are movable relative to each other and may employ elaborate mechanisms. As such there has been a long-felt need to mitigate this situation.

SUMMARY

In a first innovative aspect, an illumination device includes multiple light-emitting elements (LEEs); and a transparent elongate optical element including one or more cavities arranged along an elongation of the optical element. The optical element is arranged to receive light from the LEEs along the elongation.

The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one or more of the following features, alone or in combination. In some implementations, the optical element extends along a curvilinear path. In some implementations, the optical element has a tubular shape with one cavity extending along a full elongate extension of the optical element.

In some implementations, the optical element has a closed annular shape. Here, the optical element includes a plurality of indentations optically coupled with the LEEs. Alternatively or additionally, the optical element includes a groove arranged along the extension of the optical element and optically coupled with the LEEs. In some implementations, the multiple LEEs are operatively arranged on a planar substrate.

In some implementations, the illumination device includes one or more phosphor elements arranged to receive light from the LEEs and configured to convert at least a portion of the received light into light having a second spectral power distribution different from a first spectral power distribution of the received light. Here, the optical element comprises one or more indentations and the phosphor elements are arranged in the one or more indentations. For example, the one or more indentations are one groove extending along the extension of the optical element, and the one or more phosphor elements are one contiguous phosphor element arranged within the groove. Further here, the phosphor element and the LEEs are separated by a gap.

In some implementations when the optical element has a tubular shape with one cavity extending along a full elongate extension of the optical element, both the optical element and cavity have circular sections in planes perpendicular to the elongate extension of the optical element. In some implementations when the optical element has a tubular shape with one cavity extending along a full elongate extension of the optical element, in planes perpendicular to the elongate extension of the optical element, sections of the optical element and the cavity are concentric. In some implementations when the optical element has a tubular shape with one cavity extending along a full elongate extension of the optical element, in planes perpendicular to the elongate extension of the optical element, sections of the optical element and the cavity are eccentric. Here, the section of the cavity is offset from a section of the optical element toward the LEEs. Alternatively or additionally, the section of the cavity is offset from a section of the optical element in a direction including an angle other than zero relative to a direction toward the LEEs. In some implementations when the optical element has a tubular shape with one cavity extending along a full elongate extension of the optical element, the cavity has a circular section.

In some implementations, the optical element has a circular section. In some implementations, the LEEs are spaced apart from the optical element.

In another innovative aspect, an illumination device includes multiple light-emitting elements (LEEs); and a transparent tubular optical element including a tubular cavity extending along an elongation of the optical element. The optical element is arranged to receive light from the LEEs along the elongation.

In yet another innovative aspect, an illumination device includes multiple light-emitting elements (LEEs); and a transparent elongate optical element having an elliptical section perpendicular to an elongation thereof. The optical element is arranged to receive light from the LEEs along the elongation.

The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one or more of the following features, alone or in combination. In some implementations, axes of the LEEs coincide with an axis of the elliptical section of the optical element. In some implementations, axes of the LEEs differ from axes of the elliptical section of the optical element. In some implementations, the LEEs are spaced apart from the optical element.

The details of one or more implementations of the technologies described herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the disclosed technologies will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIGS. 1 A- 1 B show perspective and cross-section views, respectively, of an illumination device which includes a transparent elongate optical element having a circular cross-section perpendicular to an elongation thereof.

FIG. 1 C shows a polar candela distribution plot corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device of FIGS. 1 A- 1 B .

FIGS. 2 A- 2 B show perspective views of respective examples of an illumination device which includes a transparent elongate optical element having one or more cavities arranged along an elongation thereof, where, in a cross-section perpendicular to the elongation, the optical element and the corresponding cavity form concentric circles.

FIG. 2 C shows a cross-section view of the illumination devices of FIG. 2 A or FIG. 2 B .

FIG. 2 D shows a polar candela distribution plot corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device of FIGS. 2 A- 2 C .

FIG. 2 E is a schematic diagram of a portion of an illumination device.

FIG. 3 A shows a cross-section view of an illumination device which includes an example of a transparent elongate optical element having one or more cavities arranged along an elongation thereof, where, in a cross-section perpendicular to the elongation, the optical element and the corresponding cavity form eccentric circles.

FIG. 3 B shows a polar candela distribution plot corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device of FIG. 3 A .

FIG. 4 A shows a cross-section view of an illumination device which includes a transparent elongate optical element having an elliptical cross-section perpendicular to an elongation thereof, and one or more LEEs optically coupled with the optical element and arranged to emit light along a direction parallel to a first axis of the elliptical cross-section.

Each of FIGS. 4 B, 4 C, 4 D, 4 E, 4 F and 4 G shows a cross-section view of an illumination device which includes a transparent elongate optical element having an elliptical cross-section perpendicular to an elongation thereof, and one or more LEEs optically coupled with the optical element and arranged to emit light along a direction forming a respective acute angle with a first axis of the elliptical cross-section.

FIG. 5 A shows a polar candela distribution plot corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device of FIG. 4 A .

Each of FIGS. 5 B, 5 C, 5 D, 5 E, 5 F and 5 G shows a polar candela distribution plot corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device of respective FIGS. 4 B, 4 C, 4 D, 4 E, 4 F and 4 G .

FIG. 6 A shows a perspective view of an illumination device which includes a transparent toroidal optical element, and multiple LEEs optically coupled with the optical element and arranged to emit light along directions parallel to the toroidal axis.

FIG. 7 A shows a polar candela distribution plot corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device of FIG. 6 A .

FIG. 6 B shows a cross-section, side view of an illumination device which includes a transparent toroidal optical element, and multiple LEEs optically coupled with the optical element and arranged to emit light along directions perpendicular to the toroidal axis.

FIG. 7 B shows a polar candela distribution plot corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device of FIG. 6 B .

FIG. 6 C shows a cross-section, side view of an illumination device which includes a transparent toroidal optical element, and multiple LEEs optically coupled with the optical element and arranged to emit light along directions forming acute angles with the toroidal axis.

FIG. 7 C shows a polar candela distribution plot corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device of FIG. 6 C .

FIG. 7 CC shows a total irradiance map for incident flux of the light output by the illumination device of FIG. 6 C .

Like symbols in different figures indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNOLOGY

This disclosure refers to technologies directed to illumination devices with compact configurations that can be adapted, for example, to provide different light emission patterns for different lighting applications, configured to permit changes to the light emission pattern during operation, and/or to form compact illumination devices and optical systems with a high degree of control over the distribution of light. Implementations of the illumination devices can include elongate optics. Optics can be based on suitably shaped cylindrical sections such as rod or tube shaped lenses, for example. The illumination devices including optics can have open or closed straight, polygonal, curvilinear or other extensions. These technologies are described in detail below.

FIG. 1 A shows a perspective view, and FIG. 1 B shows a cross-section view, of an illumination device 100 which includes a transparent elongate optical element 120 having a circular cross-section perpendicular to an elongation thereof. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 1 A- 1 B , the optical element 120 , also referred to as the cylindrical optic, is elongated along the z-axis, and the cross-section is parallel to the (x,y)-plane. The illumination device 100 also includes multiple LEEs 110 optically coupled with the optical element 120 , distributed along the elongation of the optical element 120 , e.g., in FIG. 1 A along the z-axis, and arranged to emit light along an optical axis 111 parallel to a diameter of the circular cross-section. In some implementations, the LEEs 110 are implemented as LEDs, and thus are configured as Lambertian emitters. The optical element 120 is arranged to receive light from the LEEs 110 .

In FIGS. 1 A- 1 B , the LEEs 110 are close coupled with the optical element 120 . In other implementations, the optical element 120 includes a groove along the elongation thereof, and the LEEs 110 are immersion coupled with the optical element 120 . In some implementations, the optical element 120 is made from a plastic material, e.g., acrylic.

FIG. 1 C shows a polar candela distribution plot 190 corresponding to far-field distributions 192 , 194 , 196 , 198 of the light output by the illumination device 100 . Here, the far-field distribution 192 corresponds to light emitted parallel to the (y,z)-plane, and the far-field distribution 198 corresponds to light emitted parallel to the (x,y)-plane. The far-field distribution 194 corresponds to light emitted in a plane rotated by 45° about the y-axis relative to the (x,y)-plane, and the far-field distribution 196 corresponds to light emitted in a plane rotated by 135° about the y-axis relative to the (x,y)-plane. Note that the far-field distribution 192 indicates that the illumination device 100 outputs optical power that is extremely focused in the (x,y)-plane of the optical element 120 .

Referring again to FIG. 1 A , note that for the illumination device 100 having a cylindrical optic 120 , resonant reflective angles exist that allow light to circulate inside the optic 120 , e.g., as whispering mode galleries. This indicates that hollow optics can be used to selectively tune the emission pattern.

FIG. 2 A shows a perspective view of an illumination device 200 A which includes a transparent elongate optical element 220 A having multiple cavities 225 A arranged along an elongation thereof. Each of the cavities 225 A includes a medium 227 . FIG. 2 C shows a view of a cross-section of the illumination device 200 A that is perpendicular to its elongation. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2 C , the optical element 220 A and the corresponding cavity 225 A form concentric circles. Here, the optical element 220 A is elongated along the z-axis, and the cross-section is parallel to the (x,y)-plane.

FIG. 2 B shows a perspective view of an illumination device 200 B which includes a transparent elongate optical element 220 B having a single cavity 225 B extending along an elongation thereof. Thus, the optical element 220 B is also referred to as a tubular optical element, and the cavity 225 B is also referred to as a tubular cavity. The cavity 225 B includes a medium 227 . FIG. 2 C shows a view of a cross-section of the illumination device 200 B that is perpendicular to its elongation. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2 C , the optical element 220 B and the cavity 225 B form concentric circles. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 2 B and 2 C , the optical element 220 B is elongated along the z-axis, and the cross-section is parallel to the (x,y)-plane.

In some implementations, each of the optical elements 220 A, 220 B is made from a plastic material, e.g., acrylic. In the instant implementation, the medium 227 included in the cavities 225 A or in the tubular cavity 225 B can be air, or a material having a refractive index smaller than a refractive index of the material from which the optical element 220 A, 220 B is made. In other implementations, the medium can be liquid or solid and have a smaller, like or larger refractive index than the surrounding optical element.

In some implementations, the optical element 220 A, 220 B extends along a curvilinear path. In some implementations, the optical element 220 A, 220 B has a closed annular shape.

Each of the illumination devices 200 A, 200 B also includes multiple LEEs 210 optically coupled with the optical element 220 A, 220 B, distributed along the elongation of the optical element 220 A, 220 B, e.g., in FIGS. 2 A- 2 B along the z-axis, and arranged to emit light along an optical axis 211 parallel to a diameter of the tubular cross-section. In some implementations, the LEEs 210 are implemented as LEDs, and thus are configured as Lambertian emitters. In some implementations, the LEEs 210 are operatively arranged on a planar substrate. The optical element 220 A, 220 B is arranged to receive light from the LEEs 210 .

In FIGS. 2 A- 2 C , the LEEs 210 are close coupled with, but nonetheless spaced apart from, the optical element 220 A, 220 B. In other implementations, the optical element 220 A, 220 B includes a groove along the elongation thereof, and the LEEs 210 are immersion coupled with the optical element 220 A, 220 B. In other implementations, the optical element 220 A, 220 B includes indentations distributed along the elongation thereof, and the LEEs 210 are immersion coupled with the optical element 220 A, 220 B through corresponding indentations.

Referring to FIG. 2 E , in some implementations, the illumination device 200 A, 200 B includes one or more phosphor elements 212 arranged to receive light from the LEEs 210 and configured to convert at least a portion of the received light into light having a second spectral power distribution different from a first spectral power distribution of the received light. Here, the optical element 220 A, 220 B can include one or more indentations and the phosphor elements 212 are arranged in the one or more indentations. In some cases, the indentations merge onto each other and form a single groove extending along the extension of the optical element 220 A, 220 B. Here, the phosphor elements also merge into each other and form a single contiguous phosphor element arranged within the groove. Note that, the phosphor element and the LEEs 210 can be separated by a gap 211 .

FIG. 2 D shows a polar candela distribution plot 290 corresponding to far-field distributions 292 , 294 , 296 , 298 of the light output by the illumination device 200 A, 200 B. Here, the far-field distribution 292 corresponds to light emitted parallel to the (y,z)-plane, and the far-field distribution 298 corresponds to light emitted parallel to the (x,y)-plane. The far-field distribution 294 corresponds to light emitted in a plane rotated by 45° about the y-axis relative to the (x,y)-plane, and the far-field distribution 296 corresponds to light emitted in a plane rotated by 135° about the y-axis relative to the (x,y)-plane. The prominent dip along the y-axis for each of the far-field distributions 292 , 294 , 296 , 298 suggests that cavities 225 A, 225 B cause a strong reduction of the emission intensity along the optical axis of the illumination device 200 A, 200 B.

Note that the elongate optical elements 220 A, 220 B of respective illumination devices 200 A, 200 B can be modified such that, in a cross-section perpendicular to the elongation thereof, the circles formed by the optical elements 220 A, 220 B and the corresponding cavity 225 A, 225 B are not concentric, but eccentric. Such devices are described below.

FIG. 3 A shows a cross-section view of an illumination device 300 which includes a transparent elongate optical element 320 having one or more cavities 325 arranged along an elongation thereof, where, in a cross-section perpendicular to the elongation, the optical element 320 and the corresponding cavity 325 form eccentric circles. The illumination device 300 includes multiple LEEs 210 optically coupled with and distributed along the elongation of the optical element 320 in the manner described above in connection with FIGS. 2 A- 2 C .

In general, a center of a section of the corresponding cavity 325 is offset from a center of a section of the optical element 320 by a radial offset R O ≠0 and an azimuthal angle Θ relative to an optical axis 211 of the LEEs 210 . In this manner, the section of the cavity 325 can be axially offset from a section of the optical element 320 toward the LEEs 210 , when R O ≠0 and Θ=0°, or away from the LEEs 210 , when R O ≠0 and Θ=180°. Alternatively, the section of the cavity 325 can be offset from a section of the optical element 320 in a direction forming an azimuthal angle Θ other than zero or 180° relative to the optical axis 211 . For instance, in the example illustrated in FIG. 3 A , the section of the cavity 325 is offset to the right of the optical axis 211 by an azimuthal angle Θ≈+90°.

FIG. 3 B shows a polar candela distribution plot 390 corresponding to far-field distributions 392 , 394 , 396 , 398 of the light output by the illumination device 300 . Here, the far-field distribution 392 corresponds to light emitted parallel to the (y,z)-plane, and the far-field distribution 398 corresponds to light emitted parallel to the (x,y)-plane. The far-field distribution 394 corresponds to light emitted in a plane rotated by 45° about the y-axis relative to the (x,y)-plane, and the far-field distribution 396 corresponds to light emitted in a plane rotated by 135° about the y-axis relative to the (x,y)-plane. The relative shapes of the far-field distributions 392 , 394 , 396 , 398 suggest that the offset cavity 325 can be used for shifting the direction of the emission of the illumination device 300 relative to the optical axis, here relative to the y-axis. This suggests that significant beam shaping can be accomplished by rotating the optical element 320 with an offset cavity 325 about its long axis, here the z-axis. This provides a simple external geometry (circular rotation about the optical element 320 ′ axis) for operating the illumination device 300 to permit adjusting the distribution of light emitted from a corresponding illumination device.

Elliptical optics, for instance to replace the cylindrical optic 120 , offer another degree of freedom for tuning emission patterns of illumination devices. The far-field distribution of output light is symmetric when the optical axis of LEEs is aligned with the major or minor axis of the ellipse. Rotating such an elliptical optic over the LEEs shifts the emission pattern in a predictable manner, as described below.

Each of FIGS. 4 A , . . . , 4 G shows a cross-section view of a respective illumination device 400 A, . . . , 400 G which includes a transparent elongate optical element 420 having an elliptical cross-section perpendicular to an elongation thereof, where the elliptical cross-section has a first axis 421 parallel to the z-axis. The optical element 420 can be referred to as the elliptical optic. In addition, each of the illumination devices 400 A, . . . , 400 G includes one or more LEEs 410 A, . . . , 410 G optically coupled with the optical element 420 . In FIGS. 4 A- 4 G , the LEEs 410 A, . . . , 410 G are close coupled with, but nonetheless spaced apart from, the optical element 420 . In this manner, the LEEs 410 A, . . . , 410 G can be arranged (e.g., at the point of purchase, in the field, etc.) to emit light at various angles relative to the first axis 421 of the elliptical cross-section of the optical element 420 , in the following manner. For instance, the elliptical optic 420 can have the following dimensions: 8 mm along the first axis 421 (e.g., minor axis of the elliptical cross-section disposed here along the z-axis), 10 mm along a second axis (e.g., major axis of the elliptical cross-section disposed here along the y-axis), and 100 mm along the optical element 420 's elongation, e.g., along the x-axis.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 4 A , the one or more LEEs 410 A are arranged to emit light along an emission axis 411 A parallel to the first axis 421 of the elliptical cross-section of the optical element 420 . In each of the examples illustrated in respective FIGS. 4 B, 4 C, 4 D, 4 E, and 4 F , the one or more LEEs 410 B, . . . , 410 F are arranged to emit light along an emission axis 411 B, . . . , 411 F forming a respective acute angle Θ=15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° to the first axis 421 of the elliptical cross-section of the optical element 420 . In the example illustrated in FIG. 4 G , the one or more LEEs 410 G are arranged to emit light along an emission axis 411 G perpendicular to the first axis 421 of the elliptical cross-section of the optical element 420 .

Depending on the implementation, the optical element 420 can be made from plastic or glass materials, e.g., acrylic, polycarbonate or various forms of inorganic glasses.

FIG. 5 A shows a polar candela distribution plot 590 A corresponding to far-field distributions 592 A, 594 A, 596 A, 598 A of the light output by the illumination device 400 A. FIG. 5 B shows a polar candela distribution plot 590 B corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device 400 B. FIG. 5 C shows a polar candela distribution plot 590 C corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device 400 C. FIG. 5 D shows a polar candela distribution plot 590 D corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device 400 D. FIG. 5 E shows a polar candela distribution plot 590 E corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device 400 E. FIG. 5 F shows a polar candela distribution plot 590 F corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device 400 F. FIG. 5 G shows a polar candela distribution plot 590 G corresponding to far-field distributions of the light output by the illumination device 400 G.

In each of FIGS. 5 A , . . . , 5 G, the far-field distribution 592 j corresponds to light emitted parallel to the (y,z)-plane, and the far-field distribution 598 j corresponds to light emitted parallel to the (x,y)-plane, where j∈{A, B, C, D, E, F, G}. The far-field distribution 594 j corresponds to light emitted in a plane rotated by 45° about the y-axis relative to the (x,y)-plane, and the far-field distribution 596 j corresponds to light emitted in a plane rotated by 135° about the y-axis relative to the (x,y)-plane. For example, the far-field distribution 598 j corresponding to light emitted parallel to the (x,y)-plane has a lobe which is broad for an angle between the emission axis 411 A and the first axis 421 near zero, and which progressively decreases as the angle increases towards 90°. As another example, the far-field distribution 592 j corresponding to light emitted parallel to the (y,z)-plane has a lobe which is oriented along the z-axis for an angle between the emission axis 411 A and the first axis 421 at or near zero, and which progressively changes orientation as the angle increases towards 90°, and ends up oriented along the y-axis when the angle is at or near 90°.

Toroidal optics can also be used to control a shape and orientation of far-field distributions of emission of multiple LEEs arranged along a circular path. The position of the LEEs relative to the “latitude” on the torus gives unique beam shaping capabilities, as described below.

FIG. 6 A shows a perspective view of an illumination device 600 A which includes a transparent toroidal optical element 630 A, and multiple LEEs 610 A optically coupled with the optical element 630 A and arranged to emit light along an optical axis 611 A parallel to the toroidal axis 631 . The toroidal optical element is also referred to as the toroidal optic. Note that illumination device 600 A corresponds to a configuration of the illumination device 100 for which the LEEs 110 are arranged along a circular path, and the cylindrical optic 120 is bent onto itself to form a torus that matches the LEEs' circular path. In the example illustrated in FIG. 6 A , the toroidal axis 631 and the emission axes 611 A are oriented along the y-axis. In some implementations, the LEEs 610 A are implemented as LEDs, and thus are configured as Lambertian emitters. The toroidal optic 630 A is arranged to receive light from the LEEs 610 A. Here, the toroidal optic 630 A includes a groove, or corresponding indentations distributed, along the elongation thereof, and the LEEs 610 A are immersion coupled with the toroidal optic 630 A. In some implementations, the LEEs 610 A are close coupled with the toroidal optic 630 A.

In some implementations, the toroidal optic 630 A is made from a plastic material, e.g., acrylic. For instance, the toroidal optic 630 A have an outer diameter in a range of 50-150 mm, and a thickness in a range of 5-15 mm.

FIG. 7 A shows a polar candela distribution plot 790 A corresponding to far-field distributions 792 A of the light output by the illumination device 600 A. Here, aligning the emission axis 611 A of the LEEs 610 A with the toroidal axis 631 of the toroidal optic 630 A can result in relatively tight emission patterns oriented along the y-axis.

FIG. 6 B shows a cross-section, side view of an illumination device 600 B which includes a transparent toroidal optical element 630 B (also referred to as a toroidal optic), and multiple LEEs 610 B optically coupled with the optical element 630 B and arranged to emit light along an emission axis 611 B perpendicular to the toroidal axis 631 . In the example illustrated in FIG. 6 B , the toroidal axis 631 is oriented along the y-axis and the emission axes 611 B are oriented in the (x,z)-plane. Here, the LEEs 610 B are arranged along a circular path contained in the (x,z)-plane. In some implementations, the LEEs 610 B are implemented as LEDs, and thus are configured as Lambertian emitters. The toroidal optic 630 B is arranged to receive light from the LEEs 610 B. Here, the toroidal optic 630 B includes a groove, or corresponding indentations distributed, along the elongation thereof, and the LEEs 610 B are immersion coupled with the toroidal optic 630 B. In some implementations, the LEEs 610 B are close coupled with the toroidal optic 630 B.

The toroidal optic 630 B can be made from a plastic or glass material. Example toroidal optics such as 630 B can have an outer diameter in a range of 50-150 mm, and a thickness in a range of 5-15 mm.

FIG. 7 B shows a polar candela distribution plot 790 B corresponding to far-field distributions 792 B of the light output by the illumination device 600 B. Here, orienting the emission axes 611 B of the LEEs 610 B perpendicular to the toroidal axis 631 of the toroidal optic 630 B can result in a nearly perfect illumination plane that is parallel to the (x,z)-plane.

FIG. 6 C shows a cross-section, side view of an illumination device 600 C which includes a transparent toroidal optical element 630 C (also referred to as a toroidal optic), and multiple LEEs 610 C optically coupled with the optical element 630 C and arranged to emit light along an emission axes 611 C forming an acute angle to the toroidal axis 631 . In the example illustrated in FIG. 6 C , the toroidal axis 631 is oriented along the y-axis. The LEEs 610 C are arranged along a circular path contained in a plane parallel to the (x,z)-plane and displaced therefrom such that the emission axes 611 C form an angle Θ=80° to the toroidal axis 631 . In some implementations, the LEEs 610 C are implemented as LEDs, and thus are configured as Lambertian emitters. The toroidal optic 630 C is arranged to receive light from the LEEs 610 C. Here, the toroidal optic 630 C includes a groove, or corresponding indentations distributed, along the elongation thereof, and the LEEs 610 C are immersion coupled with the toroidal optic 630 C. In some implementations, the LEEs 610 C are close coupled with the toroidal optic 630 C.

In some implementations, the toroidal optic 630 C is made from a plastic material, e.g., acrylic. Example toroidal optics such as 630 C can have an outer diameter in a range of 50-150 mm, and a thickness in a range of 5-15 mm.

FIG. 7 C shows a polar candela distribution plot 790 C corresponding to far-field distributions 792 C of the light output by the illumination device 600 C. Here, the lobes of the far-field distributions 792 C are oriented at angles slightly smaller than 10° relative to the (x,z)-plane. Thus, orienting the emission axes 611 C of the LEEs 610 C at an acute angle, e.g., Θ=80°, to the toroidal axis 631 of the toroidal optic 630 C can result in a far-field distribution 792 C that is suitable for use as a ceiling wash. FIG. 7 CC shows a total irradiance map 795 C for incident flux of the light output by an illumination device 600 C which has an outer diameter of 100 mm, a thickness of 10 mm and was placed at a distance of 200 mm under the ceiling.

The term “light-emitting element” (LEE), is used to define devices that emit radiation in one or more regions of the electromagnetic spectrum from among the visible region, the infrared region and/or the ultraviolet region, when activated. Activation of an LEE can be achieved by applying a potential difference across the LEE or passing an electric current through the LEE, for example. A light-emitting element can have monochromatic, quasi-monochromatic, polychromatic or broadband spectral emission characteristics. Examples of light-emitting elements include semiconductor, organic, polymer/polymeric light-emitting diodes, other monochromatic, quasi-monochromatic or other light-emitting elements. Furthermore, the term light-emitting element is used to refer to the specific device that emits the radiation, for example a LED die, and can equally be used to refer to a combination of the specific device that emits the radiation (e.g., a LED die) together with a housing or package within which the specific device or devices are placed. Further examples of light emitting elements include lasers and more specifically semiconductor lasers, such as vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and edge emitting lasers. Additional examples include superluminescent diodes and other superluminescent devices.

A number of embodiments are described. Other embodiments are in the following claims.